5. Layers and systems

  1. Map of Hell by Botticelli, c.1485. Wikimedia Commons. Garden of earthly delights by Hieronymus Bosch, 1480-90. Wikimedia Commons. Plate from Georg Bauer’s De Re Metallica (facsimile ed.; Basel, 1556). Wikimedia Commons.









  2. Two semi-sections from René Descartes’ Principia Philosophiae (Amsterdam, 1644). Courtesy of The Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology, B1863.





  3. Close-up of the sections in Steno’s Prodromus. Nicolaus Steno, The Prodromus to a Dissertation concerning Solids Naturally Contained within Solids (Henry Oldenburg trans.; London, 1671). Courtesy of The Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology, QE709 .S8 1671.





  4. Burnet’s plate depicting three earths from Thomas Burnet’s Sacred Theory of the Earth (London, 1684). Courtesy of The Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology, QB981.B8 1684 v.1.





  5. Two depictions of the earth in the shape of an egg from Thomas Burnet’s Sacred Theory of the Earth(London, 1684). Courtesy of The Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology, QB981.B8 1684 v.1.







  6. Cross- section of the earth. From Nicolaas Hartsoeker, Principes de Physique (Paris, 1696). Courtesy of The Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology, QC19.H215 1696.





  7. Fori Vulcani from Athanasius Kircher, Mundus Subterraneus (Amsterdam, 1664-5). Courtesy of The Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology, Q155.K6 1665.





  8. Two sections from Athanasius Kircher’s Mundus Subterraneus (Amsterdam, 1664-5). Courtesy of The Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology, Q155 .K6 1665.
  9. Close-up of plate 5.8b.







  10. Plate from Gaspar Schott’s Anatomia Physico-hydrostatica (Wurzburg, 1663). Google Books.





  11. Three plates from Gaspar Schott’s Anatomia Physico-hydrostatica (Wurzburg, 1663). Google Books.









  12. Section of the earth from Johannes Zahn’s Specula physico-mathematico-historica (Nuremberg, 1696). ETH Bibliothek Zürich, Rar 2298.





  13. Section of the earth from Francisco Reinzer’s Meteorologia Philosophico-Politica (Augsburg, 1698). The Internet Archive.





  14. Section of the world by Antonino Saliba, 1593. Source gallica.bnf.fr / BnF.





  15. Plate by Theodorus Schoon, c.1690-1706. ETH Bibliothek Zürich.





  16. Two drawings in the collection of the Royal Society, sent in 1725 by John Strachey. The Royal Society London RBO 12 20. Photograph by the author.

    Not included due to copyright restrictions.



  17. Plate from Antonio Vallisneri’s Lezione Accademica (Venice, 1726). Courtesy of The Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology, GB1198 .V3 1726.





  18. Table I from Anton Lazzaro Moro’s De’ Crostacei e degli altri marini corpi (Venice, 1740). Courtesy of The Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology, QE501 .M62 1740.





  19. Table II from Anton Lazzaro Moro’s De’ Crostacei e degli altri marini corpi (Venice, 1740). Courtesy of The Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology, QE501 .M62 1740.





  20. Table VI from Anton Lazzaro Moro’s De’ Crostacei e degli altri marini corpi (Venice, 1740). Courtesy of The Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology, QE501 .M62 1740.





  21. Tables VII and VIII from Anton Lazzaro Moro’s De’ Crostacei e degli altri marini corpi (Venice, 1740). Courtesy of The Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology, QE501 .M62 1740.